Africana microfilms at the E.S. Bird Library, Syracuse University : an annotated guide

Beginning in 1964 with three successive grants from the National Science Foundation, the Program of Eastern African studies of Syracuse University has acquired an extraordinary collection of microfilms relative to eastern Africa. Most of the microfilms pertain to Kenya, where the project was begun, but records now are being received from Ethiopia, where the project is currently being administered. The records on Kenya, extending through the entire period the British Colonial Administration, 1895-1963, and consisting of private as well as official sources, comprise the fullest and most valuable collection anywhere in the world on a developing country. Moreover, included in the Kenya collection are nearly all the records of the Eastern Asians. They alone are apparently the most extensive set of records on an overseas Indian community. For more information, refer to the Kenya National Archives subject guide.https://surface.syr.edu/archiveguidekenya/1008/thumbnail.jp

Where are the children in national hepatitis C policies? A global review of national strategic plans and guidelines

Background and Aims: It is estimated that 3.26 million children and adolescents worldwide have chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. To date, the global response has focussed on the adult population, but Direct Acting Antiviral (DAA) regimens are now approved for children aged ≥ 3 years. This global review describes the current status of policies on HCV testing and treatment in children, adolescents and pregnant women in WHO Member States. / Methods: We identified national strategic plans (NSPs) and/or clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for HCV infection from a World Health Organization (WHO) database of national policies from member states as of August 2019. A standardised proforma was used to abstract data on polices or recommendations on testing and treatment in children, adolescents and pregnant women. Analysis was stratified according to the country-income status and results were validated through WHO regional focal points through August 2020. / Results: National HCV policies were available for 122 of the 194 WHO Member States. Of these, the majority (n=71/122, 58%) contained no policy recommendations for either testing or treatment in children or adolescents. Of the 51 countries with policies, 24 had specific policies for both testing and treatment, and were mainly from the European region; 18 countries for HCV testing only (12 from high- or upper-middle income); and 9 countries for treatment only (7 high- or upper-middle income). Twenty-one countries provided specific treatment recommendations: 13 recommended DAA-based regimens for adolescents ≥12 years and six still recommended interferon/ribavirin-based regimens. / Conclusions: There are significant gaps in policies for HCV-infected children and adolescents. Updated guidance on testing and treatment with newly approved DAA regimens for younger age groups is needed, especially in most affected countries

Peak oil: will it be public health's greatest challenge?

The health of populations is determined more by the social and economic determinants of health than by changes in technology, health services or short-term policy interventions. In the near future, there is likely to be a significant shortfall in energy supply, resulting in high energy prices and a reversal of many of the aspects of globalization that are currently taken for granted. If this happens, economic recession and restructuring could have a negative impact on health, not dissimilar to that experienced by the former Soviet Union when it attempted a rapid change in its economy. There is, however, the potential, through economic planning and sustainable development, to reduce the adverse effects of this change and use this opportunity to impact on a range of diseases which are, at least in part, caused by overconsumption, inequality and loss of community

Treatment exhaustion of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) among individuals infected with HIV in the United Kingdon: multicentre cohort study

Objectives: To investigate whether there is evidence that an increasing proportion of HIV infected patients is starting to experience increases in viral load and decreases in CD4 cell count that are consistent with exhaustion of available treatment options. Design: Multicentre cohort study. Setting: Six large HIV treatment centres in southeast England. Participants: All individuals seen for care between 1 January 1996 and 31 December 2002. Main outcome measures: Exposure to individual antiretroviral drugs and drug classes, CD4 count, plasma HIV RNA burden. Results: Information is available on 16 593 individuals (13 378 (80.6%) male patients, 10 340 (62.3%) infected via homosexual or bisexual sex, 4426 (26.7%) infected via heterosexual sex, median age 34 years). Overall, 10 207 of the 16 593 patients (61.5%) have been exposed to any antiretroviral therapy. This proportion increased from 41.2% of patients under follow up at the end of 1996 to 71.3% of those under follow up in 2002. The median CD4 count and HIV RNA burden of patients under follow up in each year changed from 270 cells/mm3 and 4.34 log10 copies/ml in 1996 to 408 cells/mm3 and 1.89 log10 copies/ml, respectively, in 2002. By 2002, 3060 (38%) of patients who had ever been treated with antiretroviral therapy had experienced all three main classes. Of these, around one quarter had evidence of “viral load failure” with all these three classes. Patients with three class failure were more likely to have an HIV RNA burden > 2.7 log10 copies/ml and a CD4 count < 200 cells/mm3. Conclusions: The proportion of individuals with HIV infection in the United Kingdom who have been treated has increased gradually over time. A substantial proportion of these patients seem to be in danger of exhausting their options for antiretroviral treatment. New drugs with low toxicity, which are not associated with cross resistance to existing drugs, are urgently needed for such patients

Climate change and rising energy costs: a threat but also an opportunity for a healthier future?

Health problems caused by overconsumption, growing inequalities and diminished well-being are issues that have been attributed to the prioritization of economic growth as the central purpose of society. It is also known that climate change and rising energy prices will inevitably bring changes to the globe's economic models. Doctors and the wider public health community have campaigned successfully in the past on issues such as the threat of nuclear war. Is it now time for this constituency to make its distinctive contribution to these new threats to health

Africana Microfilms at the E.S. Bird Library, Syracuse University : an Annotated Guide

Beginning in 1964 with three successive grants from the National Science Foundation, the Program of Eastern African studies of Syracuse University has acquired an extraordinary collection of microfilms relative to eastern Africa. Most of the microfilms pertain to Kenya, where the project was begun, but records now are being received from Ethiopia, where the project is currently being administered. The records on Kenya, extending through the entire period the British Colonial Administration, 1895-1963, and consisting of private as well as official sources, comprise the fullest and most valuable collection anywhere in the world on a developing country. Moreover, included in the Kenya collection are nearly all the records of the Eastern Asians. They alone are apparently the most extensive set of records on an overseas Indian community

Anti-Trust and Economic Theory: Some Observations from the US Experience

Recent developments in US anti-trust can be characterised as reflecting the uneasy interaction of two quite separate phenomena: first, the increased emphasis on economic analysis as the overriding organising principle of anti-trust policy and on economic efficiency as the primary (perhaps only) relevant goal for anti-trust; second, the long-standing reluctance of the federal judiciary to involve itself in any substantive economic analysis, and the preference, instead, for simple rules of thumb or ‘pigeon holes’ to sort out lawful from unlawful conduct. The result has been that while economics has played a major role, it has not influenced American anti-trust as thoroughly or as uniformly as might have been imagined; rather the extent and the nature of its influence have depended on the degree to which the relevant economics could be reduced to the kind of simple rules or pigeon holes that the judiciary favours. The present paper will illustrate that theme, first by reporting on the two developments separately and then by illustrating their joint influence with reference to two important areas of American anti-trust: predatory conduct and so-called vertical restraints. Finally, a contrast will be made between judicial development in those two areas and recent American merger policy which, it is argued, is carried out largely independently of the judiciary, and hence the opportunities for economics to influence the process are less inhibited by the judicial reluctance to undertake extensive economic analysis

The relationships between internal and external threat and right-wing attitudes: A three-wave longitudinal study

The interplay between threat and right-wing attitudes has received much research attention, but its longitudinal relationship has hardly been investigated. In this study, we investigated the longitudinal relationships between internal and external threat and right-wing attitudes using a cross-lagged design at three different time points in a large nationally representative sample (N = 800). We found evidence for bidirectional relationships. Higher levels of external threat were related to higher levels of Right-Wing Authoritarianism and to both the egalitarianism and dominance dimensions of Social Dominance Orientation at a later point in time. Conversely, higher levels of RWA were also related to increased perception of external threat later in time. Internal threat did not yield significant direct or indirect longitudinal relationships with right-wing attitudes. Theoretical and practical implications of these longitudinal effects are discussed